CMS-Flow/Culverts

Introduction

Culverts are a common coastal engineering structure typically used in coastal wetlands to control waste and storm water discharges, act as salinity barriers, optimally distribute freshwater, and manage sediment transport (Figure 1). In coastal applications, the culverts often connect open water bodies of similar water surface elevation to enhance flushing or conduct flow through levees or causeways. Since culverts are a significant component of hydrodynamic and sediment transport controls in the coastal zone, it is important that the CMS simulates their effects. The implementation of culverts in the CMS is based on equations developed by Bodhaine (1982).

Usage of Culverts for CMS in the SMS

Early SMS versions (< 13.4)

Previous documentation (Link given below) described the formulation and implementation of Culverts in CMS, detailing input requirements for SMS versions up to 11.2. This implementation required hand-manipulation of the CMS-Flow parameter files to add in lists of cells and option values.

• Publication - 2013 - Culvert CHETN
• Data - 2013 - Original SMS 11.2 setup files

Future SMS versions (13.4.x)

SMS 13.4 CMS-Flow model coverages.

A new "Structures" coverage has been added beneath the CMS-Flow model option in SMS 13.4 and later. This one coverage will handle Culverts as well as three other types: Rubble Mounds, Weirs, and Tide Gates.

• Culverts are added to this coverage with the placement of Feature Arcs.
• Important: Culvert feature arcs are direction specific and should begin on the Bayside of the culvert and end with the Seaside location.
• The "Structures" coverage will need to be applied to the CMS Simulation in order to export the appropriate cards to the parameter file.

Values needed by the CMS for each Culvert are listed in the table below. If there is a user-definable option in the dialog for the user to enter a value, the word 'Dialog' is shown in column 2, otherwise the words 'No dialog' are written in column 2.

List of culvert parameters

Cell IDs (bayside and seaside)	No dialog
Type of Culvert (Circular or Box)	Dialog
Existence of Flap Gate (On or Off)	Dialog
Radius (if Circular is selected above)	Dialog
Width (if Box is selected above)	Dialog
Height (if Box is selected above)	Dialog
Length	Dialog
Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient	Dialog
Manning friction coefficient	Dialog
Invert Elevations (bayside and seaside)	No dialog
Bayside entrance and exit head loss (2 values)	Dialog
Seaside entrance and exit head loss (2 values)	Dialog
Outflow angle for bayside and seaside	No dialog

SMS will handle the assignment of the appropriate values for Cell IDs, Invert Elevations, and Outflow Angles.

CMS-Flow specific information

The parameters/selections for each Culvert feature arc will be exported to the ‘.cmcards’ file in the form of a block of values.  This implementation has been confirmed to work with CMS 5.3.12 and later.

• The Culvert parameter cards needed for each culvert are added to a structure block with a corresponding BEGIN/END statement for each culvert are listed in the table below.
• Most cards take one parameter, others take two. This is defined in column 3.
• Cards that are dependent on other choices are indicated in column 5.
• In cases where multiple values are to be written for a card, the value corresponding to the Bayside should be written first followed by the Seaside value.
• For readability and to be consistent with other cards in the .cmcards file, all values should start in column 36 and 2 spaces written between each value per line if more than one.

Cardname	Indent 2 spaces?	Number of vals	Type of value written	Dependent on	Notes
CULVERT_STRUCT_BEGIN	NO	0	N/A
CELLS	YES	2	<int>  <int>		Bay, then Sea
TYPE	YES	1	‘CIRCLE’ or ‘BOX’
FLAP_GATE	YES	1	‘ON’ or ‘OFF’
RADIUS	YES	1	<real>	TYPE == ‘CIRCLE’
WIDTH	YES	1	<real>	TYPE == ‘BOX’
HEIGHT	YES	1	<real>	TYPE == ‘BOX’
LENGTH	YES	1	<real>
DARCY_FRICTION_FACTOR	YES	1	<real>
MANNINGS_COEFFICIENT	YES	1	<real>
INVERT_ELEVATIONS	YES	2	<real>  <real>		Bay, then Sea
ENTRY_HEAD_LOSS_BAY	YES	1	<real>
ENTRY_HEAD_LOSS_SEA	YES	1	<real>
EXIT_HEAD_LOSS_BAY	YES	1	<real>
EXIT_HEAD_LOSS_SEA	YES	1	<real>
OUTFLOW_ANGLES	YES	2	<real>  <real>		Bay, then Sea
CULVERT_STRUCT_END	NO	0	N/A

An example culvert block is shown below:

CULVERT_STRUCT_BEGIN
  CELLS                             14334  14348
  TYPE                              BOX
  FLAP_GATE                         OFF
  HEIGHT                            0.9
  WIDTH                             1.0
  LENGTH                            30.3
  DARCY_FRICTION_FACTOR             0.04
  MANNINGS_COEFFICIENT              0.03
  INVERT_ELEVATIONS                 -1  -1
  ENTRY_HEAD_LOSS_BAY               0.4
  ENTRY_HEAD_LOSS_SEA               0.4
  EXIT_HEAD_LOSS_BAY                0.6
  EXIT_HEAD_LOSS_SEA                0.6
  OUTFLOW_ANGLES                    180.0  0.0
CULVERT_STRUCT_END  

Input and output files

Below are the prospective project and input/output files for SMS 13.4/CMS 5.3.12:

• SMS 13.4 Project (datasets and project only)
• Example Input files to CMS

Last update 11/12/2024
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