Eddy Viscosity

The term eddy viscosity arises from the fact that small-scale vortices or eddies on the order of the grid cell size are not resolved and only the large-scale flow is simulated. The eddy viscosity is intended to simulate the dissipation of energy at smaller scales than the model can simulate. In the nearshore environment, large mixing or turbulence occurs due to waves, wind, bottom shear, and strong horizontal gradients; and therefore the eddy viscosity is an important aspect which can have a large influence on the calculated flow field and resulting sediment transport. In CMS-Flow, the total eddy viscosity, ν_t , is equal to the sum of three parts: 1) a base value ν₀, 2) the current-related eddy viscosity ν_c, and 3) the wave-related eddy viscosity ν_w and is defined as,

$v_{t}=v_{0}+v_{c}+v_{w}$ (2-21)

The base value (ν₀) is approximately equal to the kinematic eddy viscosity (~1×10^-6 m²/s), but may be changed by user. The other two components (ν_c and ν_w) are described in the sections below.

Current-Related Eddy Viscosity Component

There are four algebraic models for the current-related eddy viscosity: 1) Falconer Equation, 2) depth-averaged parabolic, 3) subgrid, and 4) mix-ing-length. The default turbulence model is the subgrid model, but may be changed in the user.

Falconer Equation

The Falconer (1980) equation was the default method applied in earlier version of CMS (Militello et al. 2004) for the current-related eddy viscosity. The equation is given by

$v_{c}=0.575c_{b}Uh$ (2-22)

where c_b is the bottom friction coefficient, U is the depth-averaged current velocity magnitude, and h is the total water depth.

Depth-averaged Parabolic Model

The second option for the current-related eddy viscosity is the depth-averaged parabolic model given by

$v_{c}=c_{v}u_{*}h$ (2-23)

where c_v is approximately equal to $\kappa /6=0.0667.$

Subgrid Model The third option for calculating the current-related eddy viscosity, ν_c , is the subgrid turbulence model given by

$v_{c}=c_{v}u_{*}h+(c_{s}\Delta )^{2}\mid {\bar {S}}\mid$ (2-24)

in which

c_v = vertical shear coefficient [-]

c_h = horizontal shear coefficient [-]

$\mid {\bar {S}}\mid$ = magnitude of the deformation (strain rate) tensor $e_{ij}=\left({\sqrt {2e_{ij}e_{ij}}}\right)$

$e_{y}$ = deformation (strain rate) tensor = $={\frac {1}{2}}\left({\frac {\partial V_{i}}{\partial x_{j}}}+{\frac {\partial V_{j}}{\partial x_{i}}}\right)$

The empirical coefficients c_v and c_s are related to the turbulence pro-duced by the bed shear and horizontal velocity gradients, and Δ is the (average) grid size. The parameter c_v is approximately equal to κ/6=0.0667 (default) but may vary from 0.01-0.2. The variable c_s is equal to approximately the Smagorinsky coefficient (Smagorisnky 1963) and may vary between 0.1 and 0.3 (default is 0.2).

Mixing Length Model

The mixing length model implemented in CMS for the current-related eddy viscosity includes a component due to the vertical shear and is given by (Wu 2008)

$v_{c}={\sqrt {(c_{v}u_{*c}h)^{2}+(l_{h}^{2})|{\bar {S}}|)^{2}}}$ (2-25)

where

$l_{h}$ = mixing length $=\kappa min(c_{h}h,y^{'}))$ [m]

$y^{'}=$ distance to the nearest wall [m]

$c_{h}=$ horizontal shear coefficient [-]

The empirical coefficient c_h is usually between 0.3 and 1.2. The effects of bed shear and horizontal velocity gradients, respectively, are taken into account through the first and second terms on the right-hand side of Equation (2-26). It has been found that the modified mixing length model is better than the depth-averaged parabolic eddy viscosity model that accounts for only the bed shear effect.

Wave-Related Eddy Viscosity

The wave component of the eddy viscosity is separated into two components

$v_{w}=c_{wf}u_{w}H_{s}+c_{br}h\left({\frac {D_{br}}{\rho }}\right)^{1/3}$ (2-26)

where

$c_{wf}$ = wave bottom friction coefficient for eddy viscosity [-]

$u_{w}$ = peak bottom orbital velocity [m/s] based on the significant wave height H_i [m] and peak wave period T_p [s]

$c_{br}$ wave breaking coefficient for eddy viscosity [-]

$D_{br}$ = wave breaking dissipation [N/m/s]

The first term on the right-hand side of Equation (2-27) represents the component due to wave bottom friction and the second term represents the component due to wave breaking. The coefficient c_wf is approximately equal to 0.1 and may vary from 0.05 to 0.2. The coefficient c_br is approxi-mately equal to 0.08 and may vary from 0.04 to 0.15.

Wave Radiation Stresses

The wave radiation stresses, s_ij , are calculated using linear wave theory as (Longuet-Higgins and Stewart 1961; Dean and Dalrymple 1984)

$S_{ij}=\iint E_{w}(f,\Theta )\left[n_{g}w_{i}w_{j}+\delta _{ij}\left(n_{g}-{\frac {1}{2}}\right)\right]dfd\theta$ (2-27)