Salinity
Located southeast of New Orleans on the coast of Louisiana, the White Ditch area has been experiencing the shortage of fresh water, sediments and nutrients from the Mississippi River, and saltwater intrusion due to sea level rise and storms. As a result, extensive wetland loss and degradation of tidal marshes have occurred in the area through the years. A hydrodynamic and salinity modeling analysis was conducted by URS (2010) to evaluate alternative designs for a fresh water diversion from the Mississippi River to the project area.
CMS-Flow was developed for the White Ditch project. The model domain extends about 60 km along the NW-SE directions and about 30 km along the SW-NE direction, and includes the Mississippi River levees, the Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet (MRGO) channel, and other features (Figure 11). The size of the CMS grid cells ranges from 24 to 600 m with the fine grid along the White Ditch (Mississippi River) and the coarse grid in the Gulf of Mexico.
The CMS was driven by the tide data downloaded from U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) station (7374527) (Figure 1), Northeast Bay Gardene near Point-A-LAHache, LA (http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis). Rainfall data were obtained from the NOAA Port Sulfer Station (167471) and from a Belle Chasse station. Daily evaporation data were not available at the project area. Evaporation rates specified in the CMS were based on a study conducted by Cooke et al. (2008). Freshwater flows were measured from the Caernarvon Diversion and the Mississippi River. The New Orleans District, USACE, manages the Caernarvon Freshwater Diversion Project and provided daily flow information for the study.
The salinity data for the CMS were collected on a field survey conducted from 20 July through 23 July, 2009 by URS. The sampling stations are shown in Figure 2. Flow velocity, temperature, salinity and turbidity were collected periodically between 21 and 23 July, 2009 at the primary stations (N1, N2, N3, S1, S2, and S3). Less frequent flow velocity, temperature and salinity measurements were collected at the secondary locations (Oak River Channel, N4, N5, N6, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10, and S11).
Statistical analysis of the salinity data was performed to compute the median, maximum and minimum salinity at each station. The time-averaged salinity values over the last four days of the CMS simulation corresponding to the time period of the measurements by URS (2010), were compared with the measurements (Figure 3).
The time- and depth-averaged salinity in this wetland area ranges from about 3 to 10 ppt. The variability of salinity is less than 1 ppt at the landward stations (Points 33-35) and can reach as high as more than 3 ppt at the seaward stations (Point 36) over the 4-day survey period. The salinity data show a general trend in the survey area. Salinity is relatively high at the southeast corner of the CMS domain in nearshore waters of the Gulf of Mexico, and decreases towards the northwest. High salinity also occurs along the east bank of the Mississippi River and decreases to the northeast of the CMS domain. The general trend indicates that significant sources of freshwater in the White Ditch area are from the Caernarvon Diversion. CMS-Flow tends to underestimate the salinity at some stations, but overall the CMS results show good agreement between measurements and calculated salinity, and well represent the spatial pattern and temporally averaged salinity levels.
References
Li, H., C. W. Reed, G. A. Zarillo, and M. E. Brown. 2010. Salinity Calculations in the Coastal Modeling System. Coastal and Hydraulics Engineering Technical Note ERDC/CHL CHETN-XX-XX. Vicksburg, MS: U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center. An electronic copy of this CHETN is available from http://chl.erdc.usace.army.mil/chetn or http://cirp.usace.army.mil/pubs/chetns.html.
URS. 2010. USACE White Ditch evaluation and design – hydrodynamic and salinity transport modeling. Tallahassee, FL.