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= Steering =
= Hot Start =
Steering refers to the coupling process between CMS-Flow and CMS-Wave. In CMS-Flow versions v3.75 and older (explicit CMS-Flow), the steering was done by the SMS interface. The new inline CMS contains both CMS-Flow and CMS-Wave and performs the coupling process internally. In either, the steering process is similar. First the wave model is run twice at time zero to the first steering interval. The wave information is then interpolated on to the flow grid and the flow model is run from time zero to the first steering interval. The flow information is then interpolated on the wave grid and the wave model is run for the second steering interval and the process is repeated until the simulation is complete.
The term Hot start refers to starting a  simulation with an initial condition other zero (cold start). Hot starts  are used for specifying initial conditions or restarting simulations at  intermediate times. The hot start controls are set in the ''Flow'' tab  of the ''CMS-Flow Model Control'' window.
 
==Hot Start  File ==
[[Image:Hot_Start_HDFView.png|thumb|right|500px| Figure 1. HDFView showing the structure of the CMS Hot Start File. ]]
The CMS hot start feature CMS lets the user restart simulations that have been stopped due to electric outages, hardware malfunctions, or model crashes. In the case of a model crash the user, may restart the model using larger solver iterations and/or time steps to stabilize the simulation. The user has the option to specify a hot start output time or an interval for outputting a recurring hot start file. Every time the hot start file is written, it overwrites the previous information. The CMS Hot Start file saves information on the water elevation (pressure), and current velocities. If the sediment transport is active, then the water depth and sediment concentrations are also saved for each size class. Only the very last record of information is preserved (no starting from earlier intervals).


Before  running steering, it is a good idea to test the CMS-Flow and CMS-Wave  separately to make sure there are no  problems with their grids, or input parameters. Once the CMS-Flow and CMS-Wave models have been setup  properly and loaded in SMS, the steering can be initiated.
The CMS hot start files are written as binary XMDF files by default. Depending on the type of hot start (single file or recurring), the names are as follows are saved in the directory of the CMS-Flow files:
* SingleHotStart.h5
* AutoHotStart.h5
 
After saving a CMS Hot Start file, it is a good idea to rename the file with a different name before using it as an initial conditions file. This way, the file will not be overwritten in future simulations.
 
'''Table 1. Hot Start CMS-Flow Cards'''
{| class=wikitable border="1"
! Card !! Arguments !! Default !! Range !!  Description
|-
| HOT_START_TIME || REAL || none || none || Single time after start at which to output a single hot start file.
|-
| AUTO_HOT_START_INTERVAL || REAL || none || none || Sets the recurring hot start output interval .
|}


* '''Notes''':
<br style="clear:both" />
:# For both the SMS steering and inline steering, the CMS-Wave input spectra need to be spaced at regular time intervals and begin at the same time as the CMS-Flow model.
:# The way variables are interpolated and extrapolated both in space and time are slightly different between the SMS steering and inline steering versions of CMS.
:# Currently, the inline version of CMS only contains the implicit CMS-Flow  solution scheme. Therefore, if the user decides to switch from  explicit to implicit  solvers, the user must also change the CMS-Flow  executable under the SMS preferences.


<br  style="clear:both" />
==Initial Conditions File==
== SMS Steering  ==
[[Image:Hot_Start_XMDFView_Initial_Condition.png|thumb|right|300px| Figure 2. Dataset  Toolbox showing a time step sample of the water  elevation and current velocity datasets for use in a hot start (initial condition) file.]]
[[Image:Shark_Fig40.PNG|thumb|right|500px|Figure 1. ''File Location'' tab within the ''SMS Preferences'' window.]]
In CMS-Flow versions v3.75 and older, the steering process is done by the SMS interface. The interface does all of the variable interpolation and passing of variables from one model to another using communication files. The advantage of this approach is that it keeps the CMS-Flow and CMS-Wave codes separate and makes them easier to maintain and update.


* Check the CMS-Flow and CMS-Wave file names under the SMS Preferences menu (see Figure 1).
There are several situations where it is desired to specify a user-defined hot start file from which to start a simulation. If the user has previously specified a hot start file be written either at a specific time or at a recurring interval, they can simply indicate to start from that hot start as an initial condition from the SMS interface, or by adding a card to the parameter file. The card name and format are shown below.
:# Click on ''Edit | Preferences''.
:# Under the ''File Locations'' tab, in the section called ''Model Executables'' check the file names for CMS-Flow and CMS-Wave and make sure they are consistent with the latest releases (http://cirp.usace.army.mil/products/index.html CIRP Products).


<br  style="clear:both" />
<br  style="clear:both" />
[[Image:Shark_Fig39.PNG|thumb|right|500px|Figure 1. Steering Module for the CMS.]]
'''Table 2. CMS-Flow card for specifying the initial condition file.'''
* Start Steering  Module to run the CMS
{| class=wikitable border="1"
:# Be sure to save the flow and wave grids into the same folder,
! Card !! Arguments !! Default !! Range !! Description
:# Open the SMS Steering Wizard by clicking on the menu ''Data'' <nowiki>|</nowiki> ''Steering Module''.
|-
:# Click on ''CMS-Flow <-> CMS-Wave'', click next, and set as the following Figure'' ''30, click ''Start''.
| INITIAL_STARTUP_FILE <nowiki>|</nowiki> INITIAL_CONDITION_FILE || CHARACTER ||  none  || none || Hot start filename that contains the information for a Hot Start.
|}


<br  style="clear:both" />
== Inline Steering ==
[[Image:Shark_Fig40.PNG|thumb|right|500px|Figure 2. Changing the CMS-Flow model executable.]]
CMS Versions 4.0 and newer the steering process is done internally by the CMS. This means that that both CMS-Flow and  CMS-Wave are contained within a single code or executable.


In the inline steering, the significant wave height, peak wave period, wave unit  vectors, and wave dissipation were linearly interpolated to the flow  grid every steering interval and then linearly interpolated in time at  every hydrodynamic time step. Wave variables such as wave length and  bottom orbital velocities were updated every time step for wave-current  interaction. When using  such a large steering interval, it is important to consider how the water levels, current velocities and bed elevations, which are passed  from the flow to the wave model, are estimated.  
Sometimes, the user may forget to set up the model output a hot start file or may have been running steady-state conditions. In these cases, a hot start file can easily be created and exported by the user from the SMS interface. The model requires records for water levels, current velocities, concentrations, and water depths and datasets that are missing from the initial file.
Note: It is important that the names and paths of the initial condition datasets are written correctly.  


For most coastal applications, the nearshore waves are most sensitive to variations in  water levels and not currents. Therefore, improved results can be  obtained by predicting the water levels at the wave model time step based on a decomposition of the water levels into spatially constant and variable components. The spatially constant component is assumed to be  equal to the tidal water surface elevation and the spatially variable component which includes wind and wave setup is estimated based on the last flow time step. The currents and bed elevations which are passed from the wave to flow grid are simply set to the last time step value.  After each wave run, a surface roller model is also calculated on the wave grid and the roller stresses are added to the wave stresses before interpolating on to the flow grid. Even though CMS-Flow and CMS-Wave use different grids, the two models are in a single code which facilitates the model coupling and speeds up the computation by avoiding communication files, variable allocation and model initialization at every steering interval.
'''Table 3. Path and name for initial condition file variables.'''
{| class=wikitable border="1"
! Variable !! Path and Name
|-
| Water surface elevation || Datasets\Water_Elevation
|-
| Current velocity || Datasets\Current_Velocity
|-
| Sediment concentrations || Datasets\Concentration
|-
| Salinity concentrations || Datasets\Salinity
|}
<br style="clear:both" />


To run the inline CMS in steering, the user must specify  the steering options in the advanced cards and then execute the CMS-Flow from the SMS interface.
One example showing the steps for creating a user-defined hot start or initial condition file from a CMS-Flow solution file is outlined below.
:1. Import CMS-Flow grid and solution file.
:2. Sample a time step of the solution datasets for use in the initial condition
::* Click on ''Data'' | ''Data Set Toolbox''
:::* Under the ''Tools'' section, select ''Sample time steps''.
:::* Under the ''Datasets'' section, click on the ''Water Elevation''
:3. Export the initial condition datasets to an XMDF file


* Check the CMS executable file name under the SMS preferences menu (see Figure 2).
More to come about the process above.
:# Click on ''Edit <nowiki>|</nowiki> Preferences''.
:# Under the ''File Locations'' tab, in the section called ''Model  Executables'' check the file names for CMS-Flow and CMS-Wave and make  sure they are consistent with the latest releases  (http://cirp.usace.army.mil/products/index.html CIRP Products).


<br style="clear:both"  />
[[Image:Hot_Start_Sample.png|thumb|left|500px| Figure 3. Dataset Toolbox showing a time step sample of the water elevation and current  velocity datasets for use in a hot start (initial condition) file.]]
[[Image:Shark_Fig41.PNG|thumb|right|400px|Figure  2. Setting the CMS steering information.]]
[[Image:Hot_Explorting_User_Defined_Arrows.png|thumb|right|500px| Figure 4. Dataset Toolbox showing a time step sample of the water elevation and current velocity datasets for use in a hot start (initial condition) file.]]
The  next step is to provide the steering information using the advanced  cards. Note that when running the inline CMS the couling between  CMS-Flow and CMS-Wave is set to full. This means that both the water level and currents are passed from CMS-Flow to CMS-Wave and all of the  wave information is passed from CMS-Wave to CMS-Flow. The information  that needs to be provided is the steering interval, which is the time  interval on which the CMS-Wave model is run and should also correspond  with the time interval between input spectra. Note that the input  spectra need to be spaced at regular time intervals and begin at the  same time as the CMS-Flow model. The steering interval is provided in  units of hours.


<br style="clear:both" />
<br style="clear:both" />
* Set the  steering information (See Figure 41)
:# Click on  ''CMS-Flow'' <nowiki>|</nowiki> ''Model Control''…
:# Enter the steering interval and CMS-Wave *.sim file using the cards  shown in Figure 41. Note that the full path to the *.sim file must be  provided within quotation marks.


<br  style="clear:both" />
= Global Output =
[[Image:Shark_Fig42.PNG|thumb|right|400px|Figure 42. Example of launching the inline CMS-Flow steering run.]]
[[image:Output_Tab.png|thumb|right|400px| Figure 1. ''Output'' tab in SMS 11.0 ]]
Global output refers to the variables that are output on every active cell on the grid. The global output options are specified in ''Output'' tab of the ''CMS-Flow Model Control'' window. More information on the global output variables, groups and CMS-Flow cards is provided in the sections below.


* Start Steering Module to run the CMS (see Figure 42)
<br clear="all">
:# Load the CMS-Flow project
== Output Datasets ==
:# Click on ''CMS-Flow''  <nowiki>|</nowiki> Run CMS-Flow.
A description of the CMS-Flow cards used to specify the global output variable datasets is provided below.
:# When  the model is finished, click on exit
 
 
'''Table 4. Output datasets.'''
The inline code will produce two files named Intpcoef_flwav.bin, and Intpcoef_wavfl.bin. These files contain the interpolation information between the CMS-Flow and CMS-Wave grids. If the model is restarted the model will automatically detect these files and read them.
{| class=wikitable  style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid black;"
 
! Output Dataset !! Group  !!  Description !! <span style="color: red">Scalar</span>/<span style="color: darkblue">Vector</span> !! Units
<br  style="clear:both" />
|- style="border-bottom: 1px solid red;"
'''Table 1.  CMS-Flow cards related to steering'''
| Water_Elevation  || Water surface elevation|| Cell-centered water surface elevation || <span style="color: red">'''Scalar'''</span> || <math>m</math>
{| border="1"
|-
! Card !! Arguments !! Default !! Range !! Description
| Current_Velocity  ||  Velocity || Depth-averaged and cell-centered current velocity '''Vector''' dataset and with respect to local grid coordinates || <span style="color: darkblue">'''Vector'''</span> || <math>m/s</math>
|-
| Current_Magnitude || Velocity || Depth-averaged and cell-centered current velocity magnitude dataset || <span style="color: red">'''Scalar'''</span> || <math>m/s</math>
|-  
| Eddy_Viscosity || Eddy viscosity || Cell-centered horizontal eddy viscosity || <span style="color: red">'''Scalar'''</span> || <math>m^2/s</math>
|-
| Concentration  || Sediment|| Depth-averaged and cell-centered sediment concentration || <span style="color: red">'''Scalar'''</span> || <math>kg/m^3</math>
|-
| Capacity  || Sediment || Depth-averaged and cell-centered sediment concentration capacity || <span style="color: red">'''Scalar'''</span> || <math>kg/m^3</math>
|-
| Total_Sediment_Transport || Sediment || Depth-averaged and cell-centered total-load sediment transport || <span style="color: darkblue">'''Vector'''</span> || <math>kg/m/s</math>
|-
| Morphology_Change ||  Morphology ||  Cell-centered  morphology (bed) change. Positive is accretion and negative is erosion || <span style="color: red">'''Scalar'''</span> || <math>m</math>
|-
| Depth ||  Morphology ||  Cell-centered still water depth || <span style="color: red">'''Scalar'''</span> || <math>m</math>
|-
| Salinity  ||  Salinity Transport  || Depth-averaged and cell-centered sediment  concentration capacity || <span style="color: red">'''Scalar'''</span> || <math>ppt</math>
|-
| Wave_Height  || Waves || Cell-centered significant wave height || <span style="color: red">'''Scalar'''</span> || <math>m</math>
|-
|-
| CMS-WAVE_SIM_FILE || CHARACTER || none || none ||File name including path for the CMS-Wave sim file.
| Wave_Height_Vec  || Waves || Cell-centered  significant wave height '''Vector''' || <span style="color: darkblue">'''Vector'''</span> || <math>m</math>
|-
|-
| WAVE_SIM_FILE || CHARACTER || none || none ||Same as CMS-WAVE_SIM_FILE.
| Wave_Period  || Waves ||  Cell-centered peak wave period || <span style="color: red">'''Scalar'''</span> || <math>s</math>
|-  
| Wind_Magnitude  ||  Wind ||  Cell-centered wind speed || <span style="color: red">'''Scalar'''</span> || <math>m/s</math>
|-
|-
| STEERING_INTERVAL || REAL || none || none    || Sets the recurring hot start output time.
| Wind_Velocity  || Wind || Cell-centered wind velocity '''Vector''' dataset with respect to local grid coordinates || <span style="color: darkblue">'''Vector'''</span> || <math>m/s</math>
|-
|-
| WAVE_WATER_LEVEL || CHARACTER || TIDAL_PLUS_VARIATION || LAST <nowiki>|</nowiki> TIDAL <nowiki>|</nowiki> TIDAL_PLUS_VARIATION|| Determines the method used to calculate the water levels passed to the wave model.
| Atm_Pressure  || Wind || Cell-centered atmospheric pressure || <span style="color: red">'''Scalar'''</span> || <math>Pa</math>
|-
|-
| FLOW_EXTRAPOLATION_DISTANCE || REAL|| Calculated based on grid geometry || none || Determines the extrapolation distance used for flow variables on the wave grid.
| Atm_Pressure_GradX  || Wind || Cell-centered atmospheric pressure gradients in the X direction || <span style="color: red">'''Scalar'''</span> || <math>Pa/m</math>
|-
|-
| WAVE_EXTRAPOLATION_DISTANCE || REAL||  Calculated based on grid geometry || none || Determines the extrapolation distance used for wave variables on the flow grid.
| Atm_Pressure_GradY  || Wind ||  Cell-centered atmospheric pressure gradients in the Y direction || <span style="color: red">'''Scalar'''</span> || <math>Pa/m</math>
|}
|}


<br    style="clear:both" />
== Output Time Series and Lists ==
The times at which each group is output is determined by the selecting one of four user defined output time series or lists. In SMS versions 10.1 and earlier, the output time series were used. However, because the output time series can become very large for long-term simulations, the time series have been replaced by lists in which the output times are specifying a list of starting, ending and increments. This option is more compact and also makes it easier to manually change the output options in the cmcards file.


= Hot Start =
'''Table 5. Time series and List Cards.'''
The term Hot start refers to starting a  simulation with an initial condition other zero (cold start). Hot starts  are used for specifying initial conditions or restarting simulations at  intermediate times. The hot start controls are set in the ''Flow'' tab  of the ''CMS-Flow Model Control'' window.  
{| class=wikitable  border="1"
 
! Card !! Aguments/Format !! Default value !!  Description  
==Hot Start  File ==
|-
[[Image:Hot_Start_HDFView.png|thumb|right|500px| Figure  2. XMDFView  showing the structure of the CMS Hot Start File. ]]
| TIME_SERIES_1 ||  [length of list 1] [output times for list 1] || 0 || Output time series  for list 1 in hours.
The  CMS hot start feature CMS lets the user restart simulations that have  been stopped due to electric outages, hardware malfunctions, or model  crashes. In the case of a model crash the user, may restart the model  using larger solver iterations and/or time steps to stabilize the  simulation. The user has the option to specify a hot start output time  or an interval for outputting a recurring hot start file. Every time the  hot start file is written, it overwrites the previous information. The  CMS Hot Start file saves information on the water elevation (pressure),  and current velocities. If the sediment transport is active, then the  water depth, and sediment concentrations are also saved for each size  class. The CMS hot start file is a binary XMDF file, has the name  Hot_Start.h5 and is saved in the directory of the CMS-Flow files. Figure  1 shows the structure of the hot start file. After saving a CMS Hot  Start file, it is a good idea to rename the file with a different name  before using it as an initial conditions file. This way, the file will  not be overwritten in future simulations.
 
'''Table 1.  Hot Start CMS-Flow Cards'''
{| border="1"
! Card !! Arguments !! Default !! Range !!  Description
|-
|-
|   HOT_START_OUTPUT_FILE || CHARACTER || none || none || Julian hour.
| TIME_SERIES_2  || [length  of list 2] [output times for list 2] || 0 || Output time  series for list 2 in hours.  
|-
|-
| HOT_START_TIME || REAL || none || none || Sets the hot start output time.
| TIME_SERIES_3 || [length  of list 3] [output times for list 3] || 0 || Output time series for list 3 in hours.  
|-
|-
| AUTO_HOT_START_INTERVAL || REAL || none || none  || Sets the recurring hot start output time.
| TIME_SERIES_4 || [length  of list 4] [output times for list 4] || 0 || Output time series for list 4 in hours.  
|}
<br  style="clear:both" />
 
<br style="clear:both" />
==Initial Conditions File==
[[Image:Hot_Start_XMDFView_Initial_Condition.png|thumb|right|500px| Figure 3. Dataset  Toolbox showing a time step sample of the water  elevation and current  velocity datasets for use in a hot start (initial  condition) file.]]
 
There are several situations where  it is convenient to specify a user defined hot start file. For example,  if the user forgets to setup the model output a hot start file or when  running steady state conditions. A hot start file can easily be created  and exported by the user from the  SMS interface. The model requires at  water levels, current velocities, concentrations, and water depths. Any  datasets that are missing from the initial file. It is important to note  that the names and paths of the initial condition datasets is  important.
 
'''Table 2. Path and name for initial  condition file variables.'''
{| border="1"
! Variable !!  Path and Name
|-
|-
| Water surface elevation ||  Datasets\Water_Elevation
| TIME_LIST_1 || [number of sublists] [sublist 1: start, end, increment] [sublist 2: start, end, increment]...|| 0 || Sublist(s) for  output time series 1. For each sublist, the arguments are starting time,  end time and increment in hours.
|-
|-
| Current velocity ||  Datasets\Current_Velocity
| TIME_LIST_2 || [number of sublist] [sublist 1: start, end, increment]  [sublist 2: start, end, increment]...|| 0 || Sublist(s) for output time  series 2. For each sublist, the arguments are starting time, end time and increment in hours.
|-
|-
| Sediment concentrations ||  Datasets\Concentration
| TIME_LIST_3  || [number of sublist] [sublist 1:  start, end, increment] [sublist 2:  start, end, increment]...|| 0 || Sublist(s) for output time series 3.  For each sublist, the arguments are starting time, end time and increment in hours.
|-
|-
| Salinity concentrations ||  Datasets\Salinity
| TIME_LIST_4 ||  [number of sublist] [sublist 1:  start, end, increment] [sublist 2:  start, end, increment]...|| 0 || Sublist(s) for output time series 4.  For each sublist, the arguments are starting time, end time and  increment in hours..
|}
|}
<br  style="clear:both" />


The  steps for creating a user defined hot start or initial condition file  from a CMS-Flow solution file are outlined below.
'''Table 6. Cards used to specify the output time series or list for each output group or dataset.'''
# Import  CMS-Flow grid and solution file.
{| class=wikitable border="1"
# Sample a time step of the  solution datasets for use in the initial condition
! Card !! Arguments !! Default value !! Description  
## Click on  ''Data'' | ''Data Calculator''
|-
### Under the ''Tools'' section,  select ''Sample time steps''.
| WSE_OUT_TIMES_LIST || INTEGER || 0 || Output time series  id for the water surface elevation in m.
### Under the ''Datasets'' section,  click on the ''Water Elevation''
# Export the initial condition  datasets to an XMDF file
#
[[Image:Hot_Start_Sample.png|thumb|left|500px|  Figure 3. Dataset  Toolbox showing a time step sample of the water  elevation and current  velocity datasets for use in a hot start (initial  condition) file.]]
[[Image:Hot_Explorting_User_Defined_Arrows.png|thumb|right|500px|  Figure 4. Dataset  Toolbox showing a time step sample of the water  elevation and current  velocity datasets for use in a hot start (initial  condition) file.]]
 
<br  style="clear:both" />
'''Table  3. CMS-Flow card for specifying the initial  condition file.'''
{|  border="1"
! Card !! Arguments !! Default !! Range !!  Description
|-
|-
| INITIAL_STARTUP_FILE || CHARACTER || none  || none || Julian data in YYDDD with YY being last two digits of  the  year, and DDD the  Julian day of the year.
| VEL_OUT_TIMES_LIST || INTEGER || 0 || Output time series id for currentvelocity and magnitude in m/s.  
|}
 
<br  style="clear:both" />
= Output =
In addition to the variables specified in the SMS interface, CMS has the option to output advanced mode output including the bed shear stress, bed composition, wind speed, etc. The following advanced cards have been added to CMS v4.0 and higher for outputting additional output information, ASCII file output, and more.
 
'''Table 2. Advanced output datasets.'''
{| border="1"
! Card !! Arguments !! Description !! Default value
|-
|-
| WAVE_OUT_TIMES_LIST || integer || Output time series id for wave height, period, and vector. || 0
| MORPH_OUT_TIMES_LIST || INTEGER || 0 || Output time series id for the water depth and morphology (bed) change in m.  
|-
|-
| EDDY_OUT_TIMES_LIST || integer || Output time series id for eddy viscosity in m^2/s. || 0
| TRANS_OUT_TIMES_LIST || INTEGER || 0 || Output time series id for sediment transport rates, concentations, and salinity.  
|-
|-
| VISC_OUT_TIMES_LIST || integer || Output time series id for eddy viscosity in m^2/s. Same as EDDY_OUT_TIMES_LIST || 0
| WAVES_OUT_TIMES_LIST || INTEGER || 0 || Output time series id for the wave height in m, period in sec, and wave vectors.  
|-
|-
| WIND_OUT_TIMES_LIST || integer || Output time series id for wind velocity and magnitude in m/s. || 0
| EDDY_VISCOSITY_OUT_TIMES_LIST || INTEGER || 0 || Output time series id for the eddy viscosity in m^2/s.  
|-
|-
| STRESS_OUT_TIMES_LIST || integer || Output time series id for mean bed shear stress in Pa. || 0
| VISC_OUT_TIMES_LIST || INTEGER || 0 || Output time series id for the eddy viscosity in m^2/s.  
|-
|-
| BED_SHEAR_STRESS_OUT_TIMES_LIST || integer || Output time series id. Same as BED_SHEAR_STRESS_OUT_TIMES_LIST || 0
| WIND_OUT_TIMES_LIST || INTEGER || 0 || Output time series id for wind velocity and magnitude in m/s.  
|-
|-
| GLOBAL_TECPLOT_FILES || ON <nowiki>|</nowiki> OFF || Outputs Tecplot ASCII files || OFF
| STRESS_OUT_TIMES_LIST || INTEGER || 0 || Output time series id for mean  bed shear stress in Pa.
|-
|-
| GLOBAL_SUPER_FILES || ON <nowiki>|</nowiki> OFF || Outputs Tecplot ASCII files || OFF
| WAVE_OUTPUT_DETAILS || ON <nowiki>|</nowiki> OFF || OFF  || Outputs additional wave variables including wave direction, radiation stresses, breaking dissipation and roller energy.
|}
|}


== XMDF File ==
== XMDF Output ==
The standard CMS-Flow output is written to an XMDF file with the name <Case Name>_sol.h5. The bindary file may be written in compressed format using the card described in the table below.
The default option in CMS 4.2 and previous was to have all output information stored in one single XMDF file (*_sol.h5). That was fine, but this file could end up being really large and would take a long time to read into the SMS.  Starting in CMS version 5.0 and later is to output all output groups to the same individual XMDF files with according to information type (*_wse.h5, *_vel.h5, etc.).  


Table 3. CMS-Flow card for compressing the XMDF output file
=== Multiple Output Files ===
{| border="1"
In the recent versions of CMS, all solution output is broken into multiple files. If you want some of the output placed into the same file, you must specify cards in the CMCARDS file to change from the default. The following cards should be Advanced card section of the SMS interface or manually added to the parameter file.
! Card !! Arguments !! Description !! Default  value
|-
| XMDF_COMPRESSION || ON  <nowiki>|</nowiki> OFF || Compresses the h5 file by a factor of about 7 || OFF
|}


== Statistics ==
Any of the following cards can be added to put only those datasets into one solution fileOther datasets not specified will still go into separate files. The cards needed are as follows:
CMS V4.0 has the option to calculate  statistics over the whole model domain for a user-specified time periodThis option is accessed using the advanced cardss. The starting time, end time, and time interval should be  specified in hours with respect to the model start time. The time  interval should be larger or equal to the hydrodynamic time step. When  activated the global statistics will be output in the same solution file  within a subfolder named ''stats''.


This option outputs the statistics for hydrodynamics, sediment and salinity transport. If only the statistics for one group
  WSE_OUT_FILE          project_sol.h5
  VEL_OUT_FILE          project_sol.h5
  VISC_OUT_FILE          project_sol.h5
  TRANS_OUT_FILE        project_sol.h5
  MORPH_OUT_FILE        project_sol.h5
  WAVES_OUT_FILE        project_sol.h5
  WIND_OUT_FILE          project_sol.h5


* The hydrodynamic statistics output are:
To put all output into a single file, one simple card can be added (shown below). In SMS 12.3+ (CMS Version 5.1+), a simpler way has been created. There is an option in the interface named 'Use single XMDF solution file (_sol.h5)'.
# Maximum  current velocity
# Maximum water level
# Residual currents (vectors and magnitude)
# Hydroperiod
# Maximum spatial  gradient for water levels
# Maximum spatial gradient for current  magnitude


* Sediment Transport and Morphology Change
  USE_COMMON_SOLUTION_FILE            ON
# Maximum total load transport rate, m^2/hr
# Net total load sediment transport rates, m^2/hr
# Average  total  load sediment transport rates, m^2/hr
# Gross  total load sediment  transport rates, m^2/hr
# Positive  and negative total load  transport rates (in x and y directions), m^2/hr
# Maximum spatial  gradient of bathymetry


* Salinity Statistics
=== File Compression ===
# Mean Salinity
The standard CMS-Flow output is written to an XMDF file with the name <Case Name>_sol.h5. The binary file may be written in compressed format using the card described in the table below. An option exists in the SMS named 'XMDF file compression' that enables this from the interface.


'''Table 3. CMS-Flow cards related to output statistics'''
'''Table 7. CMS-Flow card for compressing the XMDF output file'''
{| border="1"
{| class=wikitable border="1"
! Card !! Arguments !! Description !! Default  value
! Card !! Arguments !! Default  value !! Description
|-
| GLOBAL_STATISTICS ||  [t0] [tn] [dt]  || Calculates  global statistics if specified || none
|-
|-
| FLOW_STATISTICS || [t0] [tn] [dt] || Calculates flow statistics if specified || none
| XMDF_COMPRESSION || ON <nowiki>|</nowiki> OFF || OFF || Compresses the h5 file by a factor of about 7
|-
| SEDIMENT_STATISTICS || [t0] [tn] [dt] || Calculates sediment statistics if specified || none
|-
| SALINITY_STATISTICS || [t0] [tn] [dt] || Calculates salinity  statistics if specified || none
|}
|}


==ASCII Output Files==
== ASCII Output ==
In addition to the XMDF output file, CMS-Flow provides the output two types of ASCII output files:  
In addition to the XMDF output file, CMS-Flow provides the output two types of ASCII output files:  
# Tecplot snap shot (*.dat), and history files (*.his)
# Tecplot snap shot (*.dat), and history files (*.his)
Line 216: Line 204:
The CMS-Flow cards used for outputting these two types of files are described in the Table below.
The CMS-Flow cards used for outputting these two types of files are described in the Table below.


Table 4. CMS-Flow cards used to output Tecplot and SMS Super ASCII files.
'''Table 8. CMS-Flow cards used to output Tecplot and SMS Super ASCII files.'''
{| border="1"
{| class=wikitable border="1"
! Card !! Arguments !!  Description !! Default value
! Card !! Arguments !!  Description !! Default value
|-
|-
|  GLOBAL_TECPLOT_FILES || ON  <nowiki>|</nowiki> OFF ||  Outputs Tecplot ASCII files || OFF
|  GLOBAL_TECPLOT_FILES || ON  <nowiki>|</nowiki> OFF ||  Outputs Tecplot ASCII files || OFF
|-
|-
|  GLOBAL_SUPER_FILES || ON  <nowiki>|</nowiki> OFF || Outputs Tecplot ASCII files || OFF
|  GLOBAL_SUPER_FILES || ON  <nowiki>|</nowiki> OFF || Outputs general ASCII solution files || OFF
|}
 
= Statistics =
CMS V4.0 has the option to calculate  statistics over the whole model domain for a user-specified time period.  This option is accessed using the advanced cardss. The starting time, end time, and time interval should be  specified in hours with respect to the model start time. The time  interval should be larger or equal to the hydrodynamic time step. When  activated the global statistics will be output in the same solution file  within a subfolder named ''stats''.
 
This option outputs the statistics for hydrodynamics, sediment and salinity transport. If only the statistics for one group
 
* '''Hydrodynamics:'''
:# Maximum  current velocity
:# Maximum water level
:# Residual currents  (vectors and magnitude)
:# Hydroperiod
:# Maximum spatial  gradient for water levels
:# Maximum spatial gradient for current  magnitude
 
* '''Sediment Transport and Morphology Change''':
:# Maximum total load transport rate, m^2/s
:# Net total load sediment transport rates, m^2/s
:# Average  total  load sediment transport rates, m^2/s
:# Gross  total load sediment  transport rates, m^2/s
:# Positive  and negative total load  transport rates (in x and y directions), m^2/s
:# Maximum spatial  gradient of bathymetry
 
* '''Salinity Statistics''':
:# Mean Salinity
 
'''Table 9. CMS-Flow cards related to output statistics'''
{| class=wikitable border="1"
! Card !! Arguments !! Description !! Default value !! Notes
|-
| GLOBAL_STATISTICS ||  [t0] [tn] [dt]  || Calculates  global statistics if specified || none || [start] [end] [increment]
|-
| FLOW_STATISTICS || [t0] [tn] [dt] || Calculates  flow statistics if specified || none || [start] [end] [increment]
|-
| SEDIMENT_STATISTICS || [t0] [tn] [dt] || Calculates sediment statistics if specified || none || [start] [end] [increment]
|-
| SALINITY_STATISTICS || [t0] [tn]  [dt] ||  Calculates salinity  statistics if specified || none || [start] [end] [increment]
|}
|}


Line 231: Line 256:
2. Explicit - First order forward Euler scheme. Uses a time step on the order of 0.5-1.0 second. Appropriate for cases that vary quickly in time such as flooding or barrier island breaching.  
2. Explicit - First order forward Euler scheme. Uses a time step on the order of 0.5-1.0 second. Appropriate for cases that vary quickly in time such as flooding or barrier island breaching.  


{| border="1"
{| class=wikitable border="1"
!  Card !! Arguments !! Default !! Range !!  Description
!  Card !! Arguments !! Default !! Range !!  Description
|-
|-
Line 239: Line 264:
The four different solvers implemented in the implicit solution scheme are the Gauss-Seidel, Gauss-Seidel with Successive-Over-Relaxation, BICGSTAB, and GMRES. The same solver is applied to flow, sediment and salinity. The default solver is the GMRES. The solver may be changed using the advanced card in the table below.
The four different solvers implemented in the implicit solution scheme are the Gauss-Seidel, Gauss-Seidel with Successive-Over-Relaxation, BICGSTAB, and GMRES. The same solver is applied to flow, sediment and salinity. The default solver is the GMRES. The solver may be changed using the advanced card in the table below.


{| border="1"
{| class=wikitable border="1"
!  Card !! Arguments !! Default  !! Range !!  Description
!  Card !! Arguments !! Default  !! Range !!  Description
|-
|-
| MATRIX_SOLVER  ||  CHARACTER || GMRES ||  GAUSS-SEIDEL <nowiki>|</nowiki>  GAUSS-SEIDEL-SOR  <nowiki>|</nowiki> BICGSTAB  <nowiki>|</nowiki>  GMRES || Selects the matrix solver for  flow, sediment and salinity.
| MATRIX_SOLVER  ||  CHARACTER || GMRES ||  GAUSS-SEIDEL <nowiki>|</nowiki>  GAUSS-SEIDEL-SOR  <nowiki>|</nowiki> BICGSTAB  <nowiki>|</nowiki>  GMRES || Selects the matrix solver for  flow, sediment and salinity.
|-
|-
|  HYDRO_MAX_ITERATIONS || INTEGER || Function of grid size ||  >0 ||  Sets the maximum number of iterations for the flow (hydro)  solver (outer  loop).
|  HYDRO_MAX_ITERATIONS || INTEGER || Function of grid size ||  >0 ||  Sets the maximum number of iterations for the flow (hydro)  solver (outer  loop). Typical range: 30-50 for GAUSS-SEIDEL and GAUSS-SEIDEL-SOR, and 20-30 for BICGSTAB and GMRES.
|-
|-
|  PRESSURE_ITERATIONS ||  INTEGER || Depends on Solver || >0 ||  Sets  the number of solver  iterations for the pressure equation (inner loop).
|  PRESSURE_ITERATIONS ||  INTEGER || Depends on Solver || >0 ||  Sets  the number of solver  iterations for the pressure equation (inner loop). Typical range: 80-100 for GAUSS-SEIDEL and GAUSS-SEIDEL-SOR, and 15-25 for BICGSTAB and GMRES.
|-
|-
| VELOCITY_ITERATIONS || INTEGER || Depends  on Solver || >0  ||  Sets the number of solver iterations for the  velocity or momentum  equations (inner loop).
| VELOCITY_ITERATIONS || INTEGER || Depends  on Solver || >0  ||  Sets the number of solver iterations for the  velocity or momentum  equations (inner loop). Typical range: 20-30 for GAUSS-SEIDEL and GAUSS-SEIDEL-SOR, and 5-10 for BICGSTAB and GMRES.
|-
|-
| SEDIMENT_MAX_ITERATIONS || integer  ||  20 || Maximum number  of iterations (outer loop) for the sediment  transport
| SEDIMENT_MAX_ITERATIONS || integer  ||  20 ||  >0 || Maximum number  of iterations (outer loop) for the sediment  transport
|-
|-
| SALINITY_MAX_ITERATIONS ||  integer  || 20 || Maximum number  of iterations (outer loop) for the  salinity transport
| SALINITY_MAX_ITERATIONS ||  integer  || 20 || >0|| Maximum number  of iterations (outer loop) for the  salinity transport
|}
|}


Line 258: Line 283:
As in the case of the implicit solution scheme, the same advection scheme is applied for the flow, sediment and salinity transport equations. There are three  choices for advection schemes with upwinding in the implicit model:  hybrid, exponential and HLPA. The hybrid scheme is fast but is the most  diffusive. The exponential scheme is based on the 1D analytical solution  to an advection-diffusion equation and produces very stable results.  The HLPA is very stable and non-diffusive, but requires slightly more computational time. For most applications, the exponential scheme is  recommended and is set as the default. The advection scheme may be  change using the advanced card
As in the case of the implicit solution scheme, the same advection scheme is applied for the flow, sediment and salinity transport equations. There are three  choices for advection schemes with upwinding in the implicit model:  hybrid, exponential and HLPA. The hybrid scheme is fast but is the most  diffusive. The exponential scheme is based on the 1D analytical solution  to an advection-diffusion equation and produces very stable results.  The HLPA is very stable and non-diffusive, but requires slightly more computational time. For most applications, the exponential scheme is  recommended and is set as the default. The advection scheme may be  change using the advanced card


'''Table 5. CMS-Flow cards  related to numerical methods.'''
'''Table 10. CMS-Flow cards  related to numerical methods.'''
{| border="1"
{| class=wikitable border="1"
!  Card !! Arguments !! Default !! Range !!  Description
!  Card !! Arguments !! Default !! Range !!  Description
|-
|-
Line 266: Line 291:


== Wetting and Drying ==
== Wetting and Drying ==
'''Table 5. CMS-Flow cards  related to numerical methods.'''
'''Table 11. CMS-Flow cards  related to numerical methods.'''
{| border="1"
{| class=wikitable border="1"
|-
|-
| DRYING_DEPTH || REAL || Calculated  based on solution scheme and courant number || none || Sets to the time  step for hydrodynamics in seconds.
| DRYING_DEPTH || REAL || Calculated  based on solution scheme and courant number || none || Sets to the time  step for hydrodynamics in seconds.
Line 281: Line 306:
Additional  information on using Multiple Processors with CMS-Flow can be found  [[CMS-Flow:Multiple_Processor_Capability|'''here''']].
Additional  information on using Multiple Processors with CMS-Flow can be found  [[CMS-Flow:Multiple_Processor_Capability|'''here''']].


'''Table 5. CMS-Flow cards related to numerical methods.'''
'''Table 12. CMS-Flow cards related to numerical methods.'''
{| border="1"
{| class=wikitable border="1" style="text-align:center"
! Card !! Arguments !! Default !! Range !! Description
! Card !! Arguments !! Default !! Solver Range !! Description
|-
| NUM_THREADS ||  INTEGER || 1 ||  Determines the number of threads used for parallel processing.
|-
|-
| OPENMP_THREADS || INTEGER || 1 ||   Determines the number of threads used for parallel processing.
| NUM_THREADS
|| INTEGER || 1  
|width="230px"| '''Explicit''' - 1 to number of threads<br>'''Implicit''' -  1 to 4
|| Determines the number of threads used for parallel processing.  
|}
|}


Line 300: Line 326:
== Setting Up Alternatives ==
== Setting Up Alternatives ==
‎[[Image:Scripting_Explorer.png|thumb|right|700px|Figure  1. Example of scripting showing the files used.]]
‎[[Image:Scripting_Explorer.png|thumb|right|700px|Figure  1. Example of scripting showing the files used.]]
<br clear="all">
In this example, 4 cases or alterantives are setup using the Matlab script below. The script copies the base setup files into subfolders and then modifies specific CMS-Flow cards in the *.cmcards file. The settings for each case are setup using a structure variable with field names corresponding to each CMS-Flow card (e.g. TIME_SERIES_INCREMENT). Separating each case into its own subfolder keeps the input and output separate and also allows for the different cases to be run at the same time.  
In this example, 4 cases or alterantives are setup using the Matlab script below. The script copies the base setup files into subfolders and then modifies specific CMS-Flow cards in the *.cmcards file. The settings for each case are setup using a structure variable with field names corresponding to each CMS-Flow card (e.g. TIME_SERIES_INCREMENT). Separating each case into its own subfolder keeps the input and output separate and also allows for the different cases to be run at the same time.  


Line 331: Line 358:
   copyfile([flow,<font color=magenta>'_grid.h5'</font>],d)
   copyfile([flow,<font color=magenta>'_grid.h5'</font>],d)
   cards = fieldnames(r(i));
   cards = fieldnames(r(i));
   file = ['.\',d,'\Flow_Shark.cmcards'];
   file = [<font color=magenta>'.\'</font>,d,<font color=magenta>'\'</font>,flow,<font color=magenta>'.cmcards'</font>];
   <font color=blue>for</font>k=1:length(cards)
   <font color=blue>for</font>k=1:length(cards)
     setcard(file,cards{k},r(i).(cards{k}));  
     setcard(file,cards{k},r(i).(cards{k}));  
Line 356: Line 383:
  <font color=blue>while</font> 1     
  <font color=blue>while</font> 1     
   tline = fgets(fid);         
   tline = fgets(fid);         
   <font color=blue>if</font> ~ischar(tline), break, end     
   <font color=blue>if</font> ~ischar(tline), <font color=blue>break</font>, <font color=blue>end</font>    
   <font color=blue>if</font> strncmp(card,tline,nc)         
   <font color=blue>if</font> strncmp(card,tline,nc)         
     fprintf(fid2,<font color=magenta>'%s      %s %s'</font> ,card,value,tline(end));                 
     fprintf(fid2,<font color=magenta>'%s      %s %s'</font> ,card,value,tline(end));                 
Line 427: Line 454:
=Units of Measurement=
=Units of Measurement=


{| border="1"
{| class=wikitable border="1"
! Variable !! Units !! Symbol
! Variable !! Units !! Symbol
|-
|-
Line 440: Line 467:
| Sediment Concentration || kilogram per meter cubed || <math>kg/m^3</math>
| Sediment Concentration || kilogram per meter cubed || <math>kg/m^3</math>
|-
|-
| Sediment Transport || meter squared per second || <math>m^2/sec</math>
| Sediment Transport || kilogram per meter per second || <math>kg/m/sec</math>
|-
|-
| Bed Shear Stress || kilogram per meter per second squared || <math>Pa</math>
| Bed Shear Stress || kilogram per meter per second squared (Pascals) || <math>Pa</math>
|}
|}


---------------------------------
---------------------------------
[[CMS-Flow]]
[[CMS-Flow]]

Latest revision as of 14:55, 7 April 2022

Hot Start

The term Hot start refers to starting a simulation with an initial condition other zero (cold start). Hot starts are used for specifying initial conditions or restarting simulations at intermediate times. The hot start controls are set in the Flow tab of the CMS-Flow Model Control window.

Hot Start File

Figure 1. HDFView showing the structure of the CMS Hot Start File.

The CMS hot start feature CMS lets the user restart simulations that have been stopped due to electric outages, hardware malfunctions, or model crashes. In the case of a model crash the user, may restart the model using larger solver iterations and/or time steps to stabilize the simulation. The user has the option to specify a hot start output time or an interval for outputting a recurring hot start file. Every time the hot start file is written, it overwrites the previous information. The CMS Hot Start file saves information on the water elevation (pressure), and current velocities. If the sediment transport is active, then the water depth and sediment concentrations are also saved for each size class. Only the very last record of information is preserved (no starting from earlier intervals).

The CMS hot start files are written as binary XMDF files by default. Depending on the type of hot start (single file or recurring), the names are as follows are saved in the directory of the CMS-Flow files:

  • SingleHotStart.h5
  • AutoHotStart.h5

After saving a CMS Hot Start file, it is a good idea to rename the file with a different name before using it as an initial conditions file. This way, the file will not be overwritten in future simulations.

Table 1. Hot Start CMS-Flow Cards

Card Arguments Default Range Description
HOT_START_TIME REAL none none Single time after start at which to output a single hot start file.
AUTO_HOT_START_INTERVAL REAL none none Sets the recurring hot start output interval .


Initial Conditions File

Figure 2. Dataset Toolbox showing a time step sample of the water elevation and current velocity datasets for use in a hot start (initial condition) file.

There are several situations where it is desired to specify a user-defined hot start file from which to start a simulation. If the user has previously specified a hot start file be written either at a specific time or at a recurring interval, they can simply indicate to start from that hot start as an initial condition from the SMS interface, or by adding a card to the parameter file. The card name and format are shown below.


Table 2. CMS-Flow card for specifying the initial condition file.

Card Arguments Default Range Description
INITIAL_STARTUP_FILE | INITIAL_CONDITION_FILE CHARACTER none none Hot start filename that contains the information for a Hot Start.


Sometimes, the user may forget to set up the model output a hot start file or may have been running steady-state conditions. In these cases, a hot start file can easily be created and exported by the user from the SMS interface. The model requires records for water levels, current velocities, concentrations, and water depths and datasets that are missing from the initial file. Note: It is important that the names and paths of the initial condition datasets are written correctly.

Table 3. Path and name for initial condition file variables.

Variable Path and Name
Water surface elevation Datasets\Water_Elevation
Current velocity Datasets\Current_Velocity
Sediment concentrations Datasets\Concentration
Salinity concentrations Datasets\Salinity


One example showing the steps for creating a user-defined hot start or initial condition file from a CMS-Flow solution file is outlined below.

1. Import CMS-Flow grid and solution file.
2. Sample a time step of the solution datasets for use in the initial condition
  • Click on Data | Data Set Toolbox
  • Under the Tools section, select Sample time steps.
  • Under the Datasets section, click on the Water Elevation
3. Export the initial condition datasets to an XMDF file

More to come about the process above.

Figure 3. Dataset Toolbox showing a time step sample of the water elevation and current velocity datasets for use in a hot start (initial condition) file.
Figure 4. Dataset Toolbox showing a time step sample of the water elevation and current velocity datasets for use in a hot start (initial condition) file.


Global Output

Figure 1. Output tab in SMS 11.0

Global output refers to the variables that are output on every active cell on the grid. The global output options are specified in Output tab of the CMS-Flow Model Control window. More information on the global output variables, groups and CMS-Flow cards is provided in the sections below.


Output Datasets

A description of the CMS-Flow cards used to specify the global output variable datasets is provided below.

Table 4. Output datasets.

Output Dataset Group Description Scalar/Vector Units
Water_Elevation Water surface elevation Cell-centered water surface elevation Scalar
Current_Velocity Velocity Depth-averaged and cell-centered current velocity Vector dataset and with respect to local grid coordinates Vector
Current_Magnitude Velocity Depth-averaged and cell-centered current velocity magnitude dataset Scalar
Eddy_Viscosity Eddy viscosity Cell-centered horizontal eddy viscosity Scalar
Concentration Sediment Depth-averaged and cell-centered sediment concentration Scalar
Capacity Sediment Depth-averaged and cell-centered sediment concentration capacity Scalar
Total_Sediment_Transport Sediment Depth-averaged and cell-centered total-load sediment transport Vector
Morphology_Change Morphology Cell-centered morphology (bed) change. Positive is accretion and negative is erosion Scalar
Depth Morphology Cell-centered still water depth Scalar
Salinity Salinity Transport Depth-averaged and cell-centered sediment concentration capacity Scalar
Wave_Height Waves Cell-centered significant wave height Scalar
Wave_Height_Vec Waves Cell-centered significant wave height Vector Vector
Wave_Period Waves Cell-centered peak wave period Scalar
Wind_Magnitude Wind Cell-centered wind speed Scalar
Wind_Velocity Wind Cell-centered wind velocity Vector dataset with respect to local grid coordinates Vector
Atm_Pressure Wind Cell-centered atmospheric pressure Scalar
Atm_Pressure_GradX Wind Cell-centered atmospheric pressure gradients in the X direction Scalar
Atm_Pressure_GradY Wind Cell-centered atmospheric pressure gradients in the Y direction Scalar

Output Time Series and Lists

The times at which each group is output is determined by the selecting one of four user defined output time series or lists. In SMS versions 10.1 and earlier, the output time series were used. However, because the output time series can become very large for long-term simulations, the time series have been replaced by lists in which the output times are specifying a list of starting, ending and increments. This option is more compact and also makes it easier to manually change the output options in the cmcards file.

Table 5. Time series and List Cards.

Card Aguments/Format Default value Description
TIME_SERIES_1 [length of list 1] [output times for list 1] 0 Output time series for list 1 in hours.
TIME_SERIES_2 [length of list 2] [output times for list 2] 0 Output time series for list 2 in hours.
TIME_SERIES_3 [length of list 3] [output times for list 3] 0 Output time series for list 3 in hours.
TIME_SERIES_4 [length of list 4] [output times for list 4] 0 Output time series for list 4 in hours.
TIME_LIST_1 [number of sublists] [sublist 1: start, end, increment] [sublist 2: start, end, increment]... 0 Sublist(s) for output time series 1. For each sublist, the arguments are starting time, end time and increment in hours.
TIME_LIST_2 [number of sublist] [sublist 1: start, end, increment] [sublist 2: start, end, increment]... 0 Sublist(s) for output time series 2. For each sublist, the arguments are starting time, end time and increment in hours.
TIME_LIST_3 [number of sublist] [sublist 1: start, end, increment] [sublist 2: start, end, increment]... 0 Sublist(s) for output time series 3. For each sublist, the arguments are starting time, end time and increment in hours.
TIME_LIST_4 [number of sublist] [sublist 1: start, end, increment] [sublist 2: start, end, increment]... 0 Sublist(s) for output time series 4. For each sublist, the arguments are starting time, end time and increment in hours..

Table 6. Cards used to specify the output time series or list for each output group or dataset.

Card Arguments Default value Description
WSE_OUT_TIMES_LIST INTEGER 0 Output time series id for the water surface elevation in m.
VEL_OUT_TIMES_LIST INTEGER 0 Output time series id for currentvelocity and magnitude in m/s.
MORPH_OUT_TIMES_LIST INTEGER 0 Output time series id for the water depth and morphology (bed) change in m.
TRANS_OUT_TIMES_LIST INTEGER 0 Output time series id for sediment transport rates, concentations, and salinity.
WAVES_OUT_TIMES_LIST INTEGER 0 Output time series id for the wave height in m, period in sec, and wave vectors.
EDDY_VISCOSITY_OUT_TIMES_LIST INTEGER 0 Output time series id for the eddy viscosity in m^2/s.
VISC_OUT_TIMES_LIST INTEGER 0 Output time series id for the eddy viscosity in m^2/s.
WIND_OUT_TIMES_LIST INTEGER 0 Output time series id for wind velocity and magnitude in m/s.
STRESS_OUT_TIMES_LIST INTEGER 0 Output time series id for mean bed shear stress in Pa.
WAVE_OUTPUT_DETAILS ON | OFF OFF Outputs additional wave variables including wave direction, radiation stresses, breaking dissipation and roller energy.

XMDF Output

The default option in CMS 4.2 and previous was to have all output information stored in one single XMDF file (*_sol.h5). That was fine, but this file could end up being really large and would take a long time to read into the SMS. Starting in CMS version 5.0 and later is to output all output groups to the same individual XMDF files with according to information type (*_wse.h5, *_vel.h5, etc.).

Multiple Output Files

In the recent versions of CMS, all solution output is broken into multiple files. If you want some of the output placed into the same file, you must specify cards in the CMCARDS file to change from the default. The following cards should be Advanced card section of the SMS interface or manually added to the parameter file.

Any of the following cards can be added to put only those datasets into one solution file. Other datasets not specified will still go into separate files. The cards needed are as follows:

 WSE_OUT_FILE           project_sol.h5
 VEL_OUT_FILE           project_sol.h5
 VISC_OUT_FILE          project_sol.h5
 TRANS_OUT_FILE         project_sol.h5
 MORPH_OUT_FILE         project_sol.h5
 WAVES_OUT_FILE         project_sol.h5
 WIND_OUT_FILE          project_sol.h5

To put all output into a single file, one simple card can be added (shown below). In SMS 12.3+ (CMS Version 5.1+), a simpler way has been created. There is an option in the interface named 'Use single XMDF solution file (_sol.h5)'.

 USE_COMMON_SOLUTION_FILE            ON

File Compression

The standard CMS-Flow output is written to an XMDF file with the name <Case Name>_sol.h5. The binary file may be written in compressed format using the card described in the table below. An option exists in the SMS named 'XMDF file compression' that enables this from the interface.

Table 7. CMS-Flow card for compressing the XMDF output file

Card Arguments Default value Description
XMDF_COMPRESSION ON | OFF OFF Compresses the h5 file by a factor of about 7

ASCII Output

In addition to the XMDF output file, CMS-Flow provides the output two types of ASCII output files:

  1. Tecplot snap shot (*.dat), and history files (*.his)
  2. SMS Super ASCII files (*.sup, *.xy, *.dat)

The CMS-Flow cards used for outputting these two types of files are described in the Table below.

Table 8. CMS-Flow cards used to output Tecplot and SMS Super ASCII files.

Card Arguments Description Default value
GLOBAL_TECPLOT_FILES ON | OFF Outputs Tecplot ASCII files OFF
GLOBAL_SUPER_FILES ON | OFF Outputs general ASCII solution files OFF

Statistics

CMS V4.0 has the option to calculate statistics over the whole model domain for a user-specified time period. This option is accessed using the advanced cardss. The starting time, end time, and time interval should be specified in hours with respect to the model start time. The time interval should be larger or equal to the hydrodynamic time step. When activated the global statistics will be output in the same solution file within a subfolder named stats.

This option outputs the statistics for hydrodynamics, sediment and salinity transport. If only the statistics for one group

  • Hydrodynamics:
  1. Maximum current velocity
  2. Maximum water level
  3. Residual currents (vectors and magnitude)
  4. Hydroperiod
  5. Maximum spatial gradient for water levels
  6. Maximum spatial gradient for current magnitude
  • Sediment Transport and Morphology Change:
  1. Maximum total load transport rate, m^2/s
  2. Net total load sediment transport rates, m^2/s
  3. Average total load sediment transport rates, m^2/s
  4. Gross total load sediment transport rates, m^2/s
  5. Positive and negative total load transport rates (in x and y directions), m^2/s
  6. Maximum spatial gradient of bathymetry
  • Salinity Statistics:
  1. Mean Salinity

Table 9. CMS-Flow cards related to output statistics

Card Arguments Description Default value Notes
GLOBAL_STATISTICS [t0] [tn] [dt] Calculates global statistics if specified none [start] [end] [increment]
FLOW_STATISTICS [t0] [tn] [dt] Calculates flow statistics if specified none [start] [end] [increment]
SEDIMENT_STATISTICS [t0] [tn] [dt] Calculates sediment statistics if specified none [start] [end] [increment]
SALINITY_STATISTICS [t0] [tn] [dt] Calculates salinity statistics if specified none [start] [end] [increment]

Numerical Methods

Solution Scheme

This refers to the temporal discritization of the hydrodynamic, sediment and salinity transport equations. There are two options in CMS: 1. Implicit - First order backward Euler scheme. Uses a time step on the order of 5-15 minutes. Appropriate for cases which can be simulated with large computational time steps such as long term morphology change at inlets. 2. Explicit - First order forward Euler scheme. Uses a time step on the order of 0.5-1.0 second. Appropriate for cases that vary quickly in time such as flooding or barrier island breaching.

Card Arguments Default Range Description
SOLUTION_SCHEME CHARACTER EXPLICIT EXPLICIT | IMPLICIT Determines the solution scheme used in CMS-Flow.

Solver Options

The four different solvers implemented in the implicit solution scheme are the Gauss-Seidel, Gauss-Seidel with Successive-Over-Relaxation, BICGSTAB, and GMRES. The same solver is applied to flow, sediment and salinity. The default solver is the GMRES. The solver may be changed using the advanced card in the table below.

Card Arguments Default Range Description
MATRIX_SOLVER CHARACTER GMRES GAUSS-SEIDEL | GAUSS-SEIDEL-SOR | BICGSTAB | GMRES Selects the matrix solver for flow, sediment and salinity.
HYDRO_MAX_ITERATIONS INTEGER Function of grid size >0 Sets the maximum number of iterations for the flow (hydro) solver (outer loop). Typical range: 30-50 for GAUSS-SEIDEL and GAUSS-SEIDEL-SOR, and 20-30 for BICGSTAB and GMRES.
PRESSURE_ITERATIONS INTEGER Depends on Solver >0 Sets the number of solver iterations for the pressure equation (inner loop). Typical range: 80-100 for GAUSS-SEIDEL and GAUSS-SEIDEL-SOR, and 15-25 for BICGSTAB and GMRES.
VELOCITY_ITERATIONS INTEGER Depends on Solver >0 Sets the number of solver iterations for the velocity or momentum equations (inner loop). Typical range: 20-30 for GAUSS-SEIDEL and GAUSS-SEIDEL-SOR, and 5-10 for BICGSTAB and GMRES.
SEDIMENT_MAX_ITERATIONS integer 20 >0 Maximum number of iterations (outer loop) for the sediment transport
SALINITY_MAX_ITERATIONS integer 20 >0 Maximum number of iterations (outer loop) for the salinity transport

Advection scheme

As in the case of the implicit solution scheme, the same advection scheme is applied for the flow, sediment and salinity transport equations. There are three choices for advection schemes with upwinding in the implicit model: hybrid, exponential and HLPA. The hybrid scheme is fast but is the most diffusive. The exponential scheme is based on the 1D analytical solution to an advection-diffusion equation and produces very stable results. The HLPA is very stable and non-diffusive, but requires slightly more computational time. For most applications, the exponential scheme is recommended and is set as the default. The advection scheme may be change using the advanced card

Table 10. CMS-Flow cards related to numerical methods.

Card Arguments Default Range Description
ADVECTION_SCHEME CHARACTER EXPONENTIAL NONE | HYBRID | EXPONENTIAL | HLPA Sets the advection scheme for flow, sediment and salinity.

Wetting and Drying

Table 11. CMS-Flow cards related to numerical methods.

DRYING_DEPTH REAL Calculated based on solution scheme and courant number none Sets to the time step for hydrodynamics in seconds.
WATER_PONDING CHARACTER OFF ON | OFF Turns On or Off water ponding. If water ponding is Off, isolated bodies of water will become dry.
ONE_CELL_WIDE_CHANNELS CHARACTER ON ON | OFF Limits wetting and drying to areas with at least 3 cells wide. When turned off, the model stability is improved.

Parallelization with OpenMP

Both Intel and AMD processors now are shipping chips with multiple cores/processors (henceforth referred to as "processors") available. CMS-Flow is now configured to make use of these extra processes that are available on newer machines.

Additional information on using Multiple Processors with CMS-Flow can be found here.

Table 12. CMS-Flow cards related to numerical methods.

Card Arguments Default Solver Range Description
NUM_THREADS INTEGER 1 Explicit - 1 to number of threads
Implicit - 1 to 4
Determines the number of threads used for parallel processing.

Scripting

Scipting refers to the automation of running multiple CMS runs with different parameters, without manually having to create and edit each alternative. The scripting process can include the following steps:

  1. Setting up alternatives
  2. Creating batch file
  3. Plotting and analyzing results

Scripting can be done using a variety of software programs. The examples shown here were written in Matlab becase it is widely used, easy to read and convenient for plotting and analyzing results.

Setting Up Alternatives

Figure 1. Example of scripting showing the files used.


In this example, 4 cases or alterantives are setup using the Matlab script below. The script copies the base setup files into subfolders and then modifies specific CMS-Flow cards in the *.cmcards file. The settings for each case are setup using a structure variable with field names corresponding to each CMS-Flow card (e.g. TIME_SERIES_INCREMENT). Separating each case into its own subfolder keeps the input and output separate and also allows for the different cases to be run at the same time.


% Matlab Script: setup_cases.m
clear all
flow = 'Flow_Shark';
wave = 'Wave_Shark';
ncases = 4; %Number of cases or alternatives  
r(1).MANNINGS_N_DATASET = '"Manning_Alt1.h5" "Flow_Shark/Datasets/ManningsN"';
r(1).WAVE_CURRENT_MEAN_STRESS = 'W09';
r(1).TIME_SERIES_INCREMENT = 1800;
r(2).MANNINGS_N_DATASET = '"Manning_Alt1.h5" "Flow_Shark/Datasets/ManningsN"';
r(2).WAVE_CURRENT_MEAN_STRESS = 'DATA2';
r(2).TIME_SERIES_INCREMENT = 900;
r(3).MANNINGS_N_DATASET = '"Manning_Alt2.h5" "Flow_Shark/Datasets/ManningsN"';
r(3).WAVE_CURRENT_MEAN_STRESS = 'W09';
r(3).TIME_SERIES_INCREMENT = 900;
r(4).MANNINGS_N_DATASET = '"Manning_Alt2.h5" "Flow_Shark/Datasets/ManningsN"';
r(4).WAVE_CURRENT_MEAN_STRESS = 'DATA2';
r(4).TIME_SERIES_INCREMENT = 600;
for i=1:ncases
  d = ['Case',int2str(i)];
  if ~exist(d,'dir')
    mkdir(d)
  end
  copyfile([wave,'.*'],d)
  copyfile([flow,'.*'],d)
  copyfile([flow,'_mp.h5'],d);
  copyfile([flow,'_grid.h5'],d)
  cards = fieldnames(r(i));
  file = ['.\',d,'\',flow,'.cmcards'];
  fork=1:length(cards)
    setcard(file,cards{k},r(i).(cards{k})); 
  end
end
return

The script above requires the subroutine below.

function setcard(cmcardsfile,card,value)
% setcard(file,card,value)
% Overwrites or appends a CMS-Flow card
% in the *.cmcards file
copyfile(cmcardsfile,'temp')
fid=fopen('temp','r');
fid2=fopen(cmcardsfile,'w');
nc=length(card);
ok = false(1);
if ~ischar(value)    
  value = num2str(value);
end
while 1    
  tline = fgets(fid);        
  if ~ischar(tline), break, end    
  if strncmp(card,tline,nc)        
    fprintf(fid2,'%s       %s %s' ,card,value,tline(end));                
    ok = true(1);        
    continue    
  end    
  nline = length(tline);    
  if (~ok && strcmp(tline(1:min(nline,14)),'END_PARAMETERS'))        
    fprintf(fid2,'%s       %s %s',card,value,tline(end));        
    fprintf(fid2,'%s' ,tline);        
    break 
  end    
  fprintf(fid2,'%s' ,tline);
end
fclose(fid);
fclose(fid2);
delete('temp')
return

Batch File

Although it is possible to launch CMS from Matlab a batch file is preferable to use a batch file because it allows running all of the cases without opening Matlab.

% Matlab Script: create_bat.m
cmsexe = 'cms2d_v4b42_x64p.exe'; %CMS-Flow executable
batfile = 'run_cases.bat'; %Output batch file
fid = fopen(batfile,'w');
for i=1:ncases 
  cmcards = ['.\Case',int2str(i),'\',flow,'.cmcards']; %CMS-Flow cmcards file
  fprintf(fid,'START %s %s %s',cmsexe,cmcards,char(10)); 
end
fclose(fid);
return

The following text shows what the resulting batch file (*.bat) looks like

START cms2d_v4b42_x64p.exe .\Case1\Flow_Shark.cmcards
START cms2d_v4b42_x64p.exe .\Case2\Flow_Shark.cmcards
START cms2d_v4b42_x64p.exe .\Case3\Flow_Shark.cmcards
START cms2d_v4b42_x64p.exe .\Case4\Flow_Shark.cmcards

To run the batch file, simply double click on the file and each case will launch separately in its own MS-DOS window.

Plotting

The following example reads the Observation Point time series output file (*_eta.txt) and plots the 3rd


% Matlab Script: plot_cases.m
close all 
eta = cell(ncases,1); 
for  i=1:ncases    
  etafile = ['.\Case' ,int2str(i),'\',flow,'_eta.txt' ]; %Water elevation
  eta{i} = load(etafile);    
end
figure
hold on
for i=1:ncases    
  h = plot(eta{i}(:,1),eta{i}(:,3),'-');  %3 is the index is the observation point index
end
ylabel('Water elevation, m')
xlabel('Elapsed Time, hr')
return


Units of Measurement

Variable Units Symbol
Water Surface Elevation meters
Current Velocity meters per second
Flow Rate cubic meters per second
Salinity Concentration parts per thousand
Sediment Concentration kilogram per meter cubed
Sediment Transport kilogram per meter per second
Bed Shear Stress kilogram per meter per second squared (Pascals)

CMS-Flow