User Guide 012

figure 2-87

example 2-80

Hard Bottom Specification Although the hard bottom dataset can be edited (when it’s the active da-taset) by selecting a cell (or group of cells) and changing the scalar (S) value in the Edit Window, an user-friendly window exists which provides specification options. With the Select Grid Cell tool active, make a selec-tion, right click to bring up the tool menu and choose the Specify Hard Bottom... option. This will open the CMS-Flow Hard Bottom Specification window. The following options are provided in the Hard Bottom Specification win-dow: • Use bathymetric cell depth - Sets the cell hard bottom depth to be the cell geometry value thereby creating an exposed non-erodible condition. If multiple cells were selected, then each cell will use its respective bathymetric depth. • Specified distance below bathymetric cell depth - Sets the cell hard bottom depth to be the cell geometry value plus the specified distance thereby creating a sediment-covered non-erodible condition. The distance is limited to positive values to ensure the hard bottom depth is greater than the geometry value. The cell can provide sediment for transportation, however, the amount of erosion is limited. If multiple cells were selected, then each cell will use its respective bathymetric depth. • Specified depth - Sets the cell hard bottom depth to the specified depth thereby creating a sediment-covered non-erodible condition similar to specified distance. The depth is limited to greater than the geometry value. If multiple cells were selected, then the depth is limited to greater than the largest geometry value and all cells will have the same value. • Unspecified - Resets to an inactive hard bottom condition. The cell hard bottom depth is set to the CMS-Flow null value. If multiple cells were selected, then all cells will be reset. If no cells are selected when opening the Hard Bottom Specification win-dow, then all computational (ocean) cells will be used. If a selection of only non-computational cells, then specification cannot occur. If a selection contains computational and non-computational cells, then the specification will only apply to the computational cells. If multiple computational cells with differing specifications are selected, the window will not display a selected specification type and the OK button will be disabled. This is to protect the previous specifications from being overwritten by mistake. The OK button will be enabled when an option is selected. The minimum hard bottom depth of the multiple computational cells selected will be displayed in the Depth edit field and the minimum hard bottom depth minus the maximum geometry depth of the multiple computational cells selected will be displayed in the Distance edit field. Display Options The hard bottom dataset (when it’s the active dataset) will only display the cells with hard bottom specified if the Ocean cell display option is turned on. Inactive hard bottom cells are not displayed. CMS-Flow includes hard bottom symbols to differentiate specifications. On the Cartesian Grid page of the Display Options window (when CMS-Flow is the active model), the Hard bottom symbols check box controls the display of symbols that will appear in hard bottom cells (even if the hard bottom dataset is not active). If this is turned on, then the user must be aware of the individual symbol settings accessed by clicking on the Options... button. The Options... button displays the CMS-Flow Hard Bottom Symbols window. Hard bottom symbols can be selected for three hard bottom specification types: • Non-erodible - Displayed in exposed hard bottom cells (cell hard bottom depth is equal to cell bathymetric depth). • Erodible to specified depth - Displayed in sediment-covered hard bottom cells (cell hard bottom depth is greater than cell bath-ymetric depth). • Invalid specification - Displayed in hard bottom cells where the hard bottom depth is less than cell bathymetric depth (the geometry is below the erosion limit). If the Hard bottom symbols check box is turned off, no symbols will be displayed and the individual settings cannot be accessed, however, the individual settings will not be changed.

Bed Slope Term The bed slope term accounts for the effect of gravity on sloped beds. The larger the bed slope coefficient, the more sediment tends to move downslope, thus smoothing the solution. The CMS-Flow used to specify the slope coefficient is described in the table below. The bed slope coeffi-cient is set in the Sediment tab of the CMS-Flow Model Control window in SMS 11.0.

table 2-84

example 2-81

Note: • A constant bed slope coefficient is used spatially, temporally and for all sediment size classes. • Increasing the bed slope coefficient will increase the smoothing of the bed. • The measured morphology change can be used to calibrate this pa-rameter. However, its effect is less significant than the capacity transport formula and scaling factors.

Total-Load Correction Factor The total-load correction factor accounts for the nonuniform vertical pro-file of sediment concentration and current velocity and produces temporal lag between the flow and sediment transport. The factor is used in the nonequilibrium total load sediment transport formula.

table 2-85

example 2-82

Note: • The total load correction factor is only used for the total-load non-equilibrium transport model (NET). • Computing the total-load correction factor based on the sediment concentration and current velocity profiles increases slightly the computational time but is almost negligible.

Recommendations: • It is NOT recommended to use the total-load correction factor as a calibration factor.   Bed Composition Single-sized Sediment Transport In the case of single-sized sediment transport the bed is usually assumed to be uniform and variations in the bed composition are ignored. In CMS, the option is provided to use a unique approach which the bed composi-tion is allowed to be different from the single transported grain size and the bed composition is considered in hiding and exposure corrections to the sediment transport. The approach works well for cases where the bed is uniform and well sorted with local patches of coarse material such as shell hash. In this approach the bed composition is specified as a median grain size and optionally the 90th percentile diameter. Since only one sed-iment size class is transported, the bed composition cannot change and the input bed composition is assumed to be constant over time. Therefore, the approach does not consider armoring or downstream fining. In addition, since only the surface bed composition is used, the there is no need to specify the bed layering. The advantage of the single-sized sediment transport mode is that it is much less computationally and data intensive compared to the multiple-sized sediment transport model.

table 2-86

example 2-83

example 2-84

example 2-85

example 2-86

Note: • In the case of the single-sized sediment transport model, the bed composition (specified using the d50 and d90 datasets) is optional. The input bed composition is only used to correct the sediment transport for hiding and exposure and does NOT change during simulation.

Multiple-sized Sediments In the case of where multiple sediment size classes are specified, the bed material is discretized vertically into a number of layers and horizontally using the 2DH computational grid. The bed composition refers to the grain size distribution in each layer and cell. The basic bed layer settings are specified in the Bed Composition section of the Sediment tab in the CMS-Flow Model Control window (see figure below). The basic parameters for the bed layers are the maximum number of bed layers, and the minimum and maximum bed layer thicknesses.

figure 2-88

The CMS-Flow cards used to specify the maximum number of bed layers, and the minimum and maximum bed layer thickness are described in the table below.

table 2-87

Mixing Layer Thickness The mixing layer is the first layer from the surface which is allowed to ex-change (or mix) sediments with the sediment transport. The mixing layer thickness is calculated based on the median grain size and bed form size. The option is also available to set the mixing layer to a constant. The CMS-Flow cards used for setting the mixing layer thickness to a constant is described in the table below.

table 2-88

Notes: • Using a larger mixing layer will slow down the temporal change in bed material composition and enhance model stability, but will re-duce the accuracy of the bed composition estimates. • Erosional cases tend to have smaller mixing layer thicknesses and depositional cases tend to have larger mixing layer thicknesses. • The mixing layer thickness should NOT be used as a calibration parameter.

Bed Layer Thickness and Composition The initial bed layer thickness and composition are specified at least one layer for the whole grid. The Layer ID corresponds to the layer number from the surface downwards. If the Layer ID is not specified in the card file, then it is assumed to be equal to the bed layer block sequential num-ber. In order to avoid having to specify all of the bed layers, the bed layer ID’s are allowed to have gaps in which case the missing bed layers or cop-ied from the first specified bed layer above. For example if bed layers 1 and 3 are specified and there is a maximum of 10 layers, then bed layer 2 is copied from bed layer 1, and bed layers 4 through 10 are copied from bed layer 3. The bed composition is specified using percentile diameters which indicate the percentage of diameters smaller than a specific diameter. The percentile diameters are denoted by where the subscript indicates the percentage of diameters smaller than . Notes: • There are several advantages to using percentile diameter datasets instead of the fraction of each sediment size class. The percentile diameters are independent of the sediment size classes and there-fore do not need to be changed if the size classes are changed. In addition the percentile diameters are easier to manipulate spatially than sediment fractions because the sum of the later must equal to one.

figure 2-89

A bed layer thickness and composition is defined with a bed layer block. The cards used to define the beginning and end of a bed layer block are described in the table below.

table 2-89

There are two methods for specifying each bed layer thickness: 1. Constant value 2. Spatially variable (dataset) The CMS-Flow cards related to the bed layer thickness are described in the table below.

table 2-90

There are four methods for specifying the bed layer composition: 1. D16, D50, and D84 Datasets 2. D35, D50, D90 Datasets 3. Cumulative Grain Size Distribution The first two options assume a log-normal grain size distribution (2 33) where is the fraction, is the size class bin width, is the size class diameter, and is the median grain size. The geometric standard deviation can be defined using the method of moments (2 34