GenCade presently has three options for boundary conditions: pinned, moving, and gated. A boundary condition specified as pinned means that the boundary will not move from the initial shoreline position over the calculation interval. This is the default boundary condition. If a moving boundary condition is selected, the boundary will move a specified distance over a certain time period (specified by the user). The pinned and moving beach boundary conditions should be located far away from the project to assure that the conditions in the vicinity of the boundary are unaffected by changes that take place in the project. A gated boundary condition is bounded with a groin. Figure 1 shows plotted shorelines at Anaheim Beach, CA, where location (a) displays a pinned beach behavior (because all shorelines fall on top of each other here), location (b) represents the moving beach boundary because of the constant rate of accretion (noticed because there is a near-equal distance between consecutive shorelines) and location (c) could be specified as a gated beach (because of the presence of a groin/jetty).

Figure 1. Measured shorelines at Anaheim Beach, CA, where arrows indicate possible boundary condition positions. (A) Pinned beach, all shorelines fall on top of each other at this point (B) Beach moving at a constant rate, near equal distance between consecutive shorelines (C) Gated Beach, presence of groin/jetty

Pinned Beach

It is helpful to draw all available measured shoreline position surveys on the same plot to determine locations along a beach that might be used as model boundaries. In doing so, it is sometimes possible to find a portion of the beach distant from the project that does not move appreciably in time, as shown in Figure 6 for a sandy beach or for regions with a hardened shoreline. By locating the model boundary at such a section, the modeled lateral boundary shoreline coordinate can be said to be ‘pinned’. Expressed in terms of the transport rate, this means:

${\displaystyle Q_{1}=Q_{2}}$ or ${\displaystyle Q_{N+1}=Q_{N}}$

depending on which end of the calculation grid is considered. These relations can be readily understood by reference to the original governing equation (see Governing Equations); if the Q differential with respect to x is zero at the boundary, then the y differential with respect to t is also zero, meaning y does not change over time.

Moving Beach

If a section of beach cannot be found to be represented by the pinned beach boundary condition, it might be possible to locate a section where the shoreline is moving with a constant rate of change ${\displaystyle y_{RC}}$. In such a case, the boundary condition can be expressed as:

${\displaystyle y_{n}^{t+1}=y_{N}^{t}+y_{RC}}$

where the superscripts denote the relative time. In GenCade, the boundary condition is expressed in terms of transport rates. Again, with reference to the initial governing equation, the boundary condition may be formulated as:

${\displaystyle Q_{N}^{t}+1=Q_{N}^{t}-{\frac {y_{RC}-(D_{B}+D_{C})q_{N}^{t}}{2B}}}$

where ${\displaystyle B={\frac {\Delta t}{(2(D_{B}+D_{C})\Delta x)}}}$ and q is a line source/sink.

Gated Boundary

Groins, jetties, shore-connected breakwaters, and headlands that interrupt, partially or completely, the movement of sand alongshore may be incorporated as a boundary condition if one is located on an end of the calculation grid. If located on the internal domain of the grid, these objects will act to constrain the transport rate and shoreline change that is automatically calculated by GenCade. The representation is the same for both cases, although it occurs in different places in the numerical solution scheme.

The effect of a groin, headland, or similar object located on the boundary is formulated in terms of the amount of sand that can pass the structure. Consideration must be given to sand entering and leaving the grid. For example, at a jetty located next to an inlet with a deeply dredged navigation channel, sand might move offshore of the jetty during times of high waves; in contrast, in the absence of shoals that might feed the beach, no sand is expected to cross the navigation channel and jetty to come onto the grid. The jetty/channel thus acts as a selective “gate,” allowing sand to move off but not onto the grid.

As stated in Structures in GenCade, bypassing around groins and jetties is controlled by the ratio ${\displaystyle D_{G}/D_{LT}}$, where ${\displaystyle D_{LT}}$ (meters) is the depth out to which longshore sediment transport occurs and ${\displaystyle D_{G}}$ (meters) is the depth at the seaward tip of the structure on the updrift side. This depth is, in turn, controlled by the distance from the structure tip to the shoreline. Also, to calculate transport at the groin/jetty location the shoreline orientation is needed, which depends on the shoreline locations on either sides of the structure. One problem with groins and jetties adjacent to inlets is that there is no shoreline on one side of the structure. For groins/jetties located on the lateral model boundary, the shoreline location outside the grid is not known. Similarly, for jetties adjacent to inlets there is no shoreline on the inlet side of the structure. So, the user needs instead to specify a bypass coefficient that will control the bypassing around this structure. The bypass coefficient ${\displaystyle BC}$ is defined as (Figure 2):

${\displaystyle BC={\frac {(Y_{gro}-Y_{vir})}{(Y_{gro}-Y_{nxt})}}}$

where ${\displaystyle Y_{gro}}$ is the length of the groin, ${\displaystyle Y_{vir}}$ is the virtual shoreline location (inside the inlet channel or just off the model grid), and ${\displaystyle Y_{nxt}}$ is the shoreline location just next to the structure. The default of the bypass coefficient is 1, but may be manually set to any value greater or equal to zero. If it is set to less than 1, less sediment will go into the inlet channel (if next to an inlet) or out of the model area (if next to the model boundary). In both situations the accumulation against the structure (${\displaystyle Y_{nxt}}$) will increase. For BC greater than 1, the opposite will happen. Thus, a constructive strategy could be to start with the default value BC = 1 and then increase or decrease BC depending on whether more or less accumulation is desired against the structure.

Figure 2. Schematics showing the Bypass Coefficient strategy depending on its value.